April 11, 2018

The death of President Lincoln caused a vast outpouring of grief in the North. As this Currier and Ives print shows, his funeral train stopped at several cities on its way to Illinois to allow local services to be held

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Corbis PG572

General Ulysses S. Grant at his headquarters in City Point, now Hopewell, Virginia.

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LC-B8171-2715

Ruins of Georgia Railroad Roundhouse at Atlanta, 1864. In the wake of Sherman’s march, abandoned locomotives and twisted rails marked the destruction in Atlanta.

American Flag above Richmond State House, April 1865 by Mathew Brady

At the war’s end, the U.S. flag flew over the state capitol in Richmond, Virginia, which bore many marks of destruction. (National Archives )

American Flag above Richmond State House, April 1865 by Mathew Brady

Funeral of President Lincoln, New York, April 25, 1865 by Currier & Ives

The death of President Lincoln caused a vast outpouring of grief in the North. As this Currier and Ives print shows, his funeral train stopped at several cities on its way to Illinois to allow local services to be held. (Anne S. K. Brown Military Collection, John Hay Library, Brown University)

Funeral of President Lincoln, New York, April 25, 1865 by Currier & Ives

Portrait of Andrew Johnson

Combative and inflexible, President Andrew Johnson contributed greatly to the failure of his own Reconstruction program. (Library of Congress)

Portrait of Andrew Johnson

Taking the Oath of Allegiance

These white southerners are shown taking the oath of allegiance to the United States in 1865 as part of the process of restoring civil government in the South. The Union soldiers and officers are administering the oath. (Library of Congress)

Taking the Oath of Allegiance

Black sharecropping family in front of their cabin

Sharecropping gave African Americans more control over their labor than did labor contracts. But sharecropping also contributed to the south’s dependence on one-crop agriculture and helped to perpetuate widespread rural poverty. Notice that the child standing on the right is holding her kitten, probably to be certain it is included in this family photograph. (Library of Congress)

Black sharecropping family in front of their cabin

Black teacher and students

During Reconstruction, the freed people gave a high priority to the establishment of schools, often with the assistance of the Freedmen’s Bureau and northern missionary societies. This photograph of a newly established school was taken around 1870, showing both the barefoot students and the teacher. (Library of Congress)

Black teacher and students

Charles Sumner

Charles Sumner, Senator from Massachusetts, and Thaddeus Stevens, Congressman from Pennsylvania, led the Radical Republican faction in Congress. (Library of Congress)

Charles Sumner

Thaddeus Stevens

Charles Sumner, Senator from Massachusetts, and Thaddeus Stevens, Congressman from Pennsylvania, led the Radical Republican faction in Congress. (Library of Congress)

Thaddeus Stevens

King Andrew

This Thomas Nast cartoon, published in Harper’s Weekly just before the 1866 congressional elections, conveyed Republican antipathy to Andrew Johnson. The president is depicted as an autocratic tyrant. Radical Republican Thaddeus Stevens, upper right, has his head on the block and is about to lose it. The Republic sits in chains. (Harper’s Weekly, 1866)

King Andrew

Reconstruction cartoon

This 1868 cartoon by Thomas Nast pictured the combination of forces that threatened the success of Reconstruction: southern opposition and the greed, partisanship, and racism of northern interests. (Library of Congress)

Reconstruction cartoon

Daughter teaching mother to read, Mt. Meigs, Alabama

African Americans of all ages eagerly pursued the opportunity freedom provided to gain an education. This young woman in Mt. Meigs, Alabama, is helping her mother learn to read. (Smithsonian Institute. Photo by Rudolf Eickemeyer.)

Daughter teaching mother to read, Mt. Meigs, Alabama

Domestic workers with tools

Domestic workers with the tools of their trades–bridle, pot, broom, duster, wheelbarrow, and wagon–pose in front of their employer’s home. (Atlanta History Center )

Domestic workers with tools

The First Vote

A newly freed slave casts his first vote. (Library of Congress)

The First Vote

Election Campaign in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, c. 1868

A Republican Party brass band in action during the 1868 election campaign in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The Union regimental colors and soldier caps demonstrate the strong federal presence in the South at this pivotal moment in Radical Reconstruction. (Andrew D. Lytle Collection, Louisiana and Lower Mississippi Valley Collections, LSU Libraries, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana)

Election Campaign in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, c. 1868

Store owner’s record book of debts of sharecroppers

Sharecropping became an oppressive system in the postwar south. At plantation stores like this one, photographed in Mississippi in 1868, merchants recorded in their ledger books debts that few sharecroppers were able to repay. (Smithsonian Institution, Division of Community Life)

Store owner’s record book of debts of sharecroppers

Exodusters

Benjamin “Pap” Singleton, a one-time fugitive slave from Tennessee, returned there to promote the “exodus” movement of the late 1870s. Forming a real estate company, Singleton traveled the south recruiting parties of freedmen who were disillusioned with the outcome of Reconstruction. These emigrants, awaiting a Mississippi River boat, looked forward to political equality, freedom from violence, and homesteads in Kansas. (Library of Congress)

Exodusters

His First Vote by Thomas Waterman Wood, 1865

Thomas Waterman Wood, who had painted portraits of society figures in Nashville before the war, sensed the importance of Congress’s decision in 1867 to enfranchise the freedmen. This oil painting, one of a series on suffrage, emphasizes the significance of the ballot for the black voter. (Cheekwood Museum of Art, Nashville, Tennessee)

His First Vote by Thomas Waterman Wood, 1865

Distinguished Colored Men

This lithograph from 1883 depicts prominent African American men, several of whom had leading roles in Black Reconstruction. (Library of Congress)

Distinguished Colored Men

Pig iron, Birmingham, Harper’s Weekly, March 26, 1877

One notable success in Reconstruction efforts to stimulate industry was Birmingham, Alabama. Here workers cast molten iron into blocks called pigs. (Birmingham Public Library)

Pig iron, Birmingham, Harper’s Weekly, March 26, 1877

Ku Klux Klan meeting

In this picture, the artist has portrayed a group of bizarrely dressed Klansmen contemplating the murder of a white Republican. (Library of Congress)

Ku Klux Klan meeting

Memphis Riots, May 2, 1866, Harper’s Weekly

In 1866, as Congress reviewed the progress of Reconstruction, news from the South had a considerable impact. Violence against black people, like the riot in Memphis depicted here, helped convince northern legislators that they had to modify President Johnson’s policies. (Library of Congress)

Memphis Riots, May 2, 1866, Harper’s Weekly

Mississippi Klansman, 1871

Members of the Ku Klux Klan devised ghoulish costumes to heighten the terror inspired by their acts. This photograph shows the costume of a Mississippi Klansman from 1871. (Courtesy of Mr. Herbert Peck, Jr.)

Mississippi Klansman, 1871

The White League

Alabama’s White League, formed in 1874, strove to oust Republicans from office by intimidating black voters. To political cartoonist Thomas Nast, such vigilante tactics suggested an alliance between the White League and the outlawed Ku Klux Klan. (Harper’s Weekly, October 24, 1874)

The White League

Hayes as a Benevolent Farmer, May 12, 1880

This cartoon by J. A. Wales Puck reveals the North’s readiness to give up on a strong Reconstruction policy. According to the image, only federal bayonets could support the “rule or ruin” carpetbag regimes that oppressed the south. What do the background and foreground of the cartoon suggest will be the results of President Hayes’s “Let ‘Em Alone Policy”? (Library of Congress)

Hayes as a Benevolent Farmer, May 12, 1880

Western Expansion, 1860- 1890

Transcontinental Railroad completed, May 10, 1869

Kansas emigrants

The railroads provided would-be “sodbusters” with transportation to get to the land that was being opened for settlement. (Kansas Collection, University of Kansas Libraries)

Kansas emigrants

Red Cloud’s Delegations, 1868

Red Cloud (seated, second from left), with other Oglala Sioux, visited President Grant at the White House to argue for his people’s right to trade at Fort Laramie, Wyoming. His clothing, unlike the traditional Native American dress of the other chiefs, reflected his desire to negotiate with whites on equal terms. ( National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.)

Red Cloud’s Delegations, 1868

Sitting Bull

Sitting Bull and Buffalo Bill, 1885

Wounded Knee, Dec. 29, 1890

c17-f015.jpg

Corbis PG572

General Ulysses S. Grant at his headquarters in City Point, now Hopewell, Virginia.

c17-f019.jpg

LC-B8171-2715

Ruins of Georgia Railroad Roundhouse at Atlanta, 1864. In the wake of Sherman’s march, abandoned locomotives and twisted rails marked the destruction in Atlanta.

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The death of President Lincoln caused a vast outpouring of grief in the North. As this Currier and Ives print shows, his funeral train stopped at several cities on its way to Illinois to allow local services to be held

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