Question 1 (16 Marks)
a). Summarize the difference among simple pipelining, superscalar, and instruction level parallelism.
b). Compare uniprocessor systems with multiprocessor systems in the following aspects (4 Mks)
i. Ease of programming
ii. The need for synchronization
iii. Performance evaluation
iv. Run time system
c). List three engineering applications, with which you are familiar, for which SIMD is most efficient to use, and another three for which MIMD is most efficient to use. (6 Mks)

Question 2 (15 Marks)
a). What are the main principles used to construct a RISC machine? (4 Mks)
b). Construct the two approaches (the software and the hardware) used in RISC machines to minimize memory operations. (4 Mks)
c). A multiprocessor O/S must provide all the functionality of a multi-programming system plus additional features to accommodate multiple processors. To achieve the purpose major key design issues are considered. Discuss the key issues. (7 Mks)
Section B (Answer ant Three Questions)
Question 3 (13 Marks)
a). Multiple copied of the same data can exist in different caches simultaneously, and if the processor are allowed to update their own copies freely, an inconsistent view of memory can result. What are the policies used to remedy the above scenario? (6 Mks)
b). Outline for benefits that can be achieved by clustering. (4 Mks)
c). Briefly outline the chief characteristics of an SMP? (3 Mks)

Question 4 (13 Marks)
a). Suppose that we have two implementations of the same instruction set architecture. Machine A has a CPI of 8.0 for some program, and machine B has a CPI of 5 for the same program. What is the MIPS rating for the machine A and machine B assuming a clock rate of 200 MHz? Which machine is faster? (6 Mks)
b). Consider the execution of ten instructions 11-110 on a pipeline consisting of four pipeline stages: IF, ID, IE, and IS. Assume that the instruction 14 is a conditional branch instruction and that when it is executed, the branch is not taken, that is the branch condition is not satisfied. Assume also that when the branch instruction is fetched, the pipeline stalls until the result of executing the branch instruction is stored. Show the succession of instructions in the pipeline and the bubble created using Gantt. (7 Mks)

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